Photosynthesis Dry Lab

In this lab I had to do everything different. We didn't have to read procedures then do the lab but instead write up the procedures, purpose, and materials because we already have all the data from the lab. This lab is a little different from all the other ones we have done so far this semester.

  

Purpose:

So the purpose of this lab is to detect the effects of the color change of Bromothymol with the different conditions. Four different conditions are being used to test how carbon dioxide may change the color of the BTB when the two are combined.

Background Facts:

• Carbon dioxide in water produces carbonic acid.
• Bromothymol Blue (BTB) is a blue-green liquid which changes to a yellow color in acid and back to blue-green when returned to a neutral pH.
• Carbon dioxide plus water yields sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present.
• Animals respire.
• Green plants photosynthesize in the light and respire all the time.
• Sugar plus oxygen yields carbon dioxide plus water and energy.

 

Hypothesis:

If you put a fish in the bromothymol blue, then the color is going to change because the two compounds are going to mix.

 

Materials

• 4 Large Beakers
• Bromothymol (BTB)
• 2 Goldfish
• 1 Light
• Aquarium Plant

 

 

Procedures:

1. Label each of the beakers with the numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4.
2.  Fill all four beakers with 500 mL of water.
3. Put 50 drops of bromothymol in each of the beakers
4. Don't place anything in beakers 1
5. Place 1 goldfish in beaker 2
6. Put an aquarium plant in beaker 3
7. Add an aquarium plant and goldfish in beaker 4
8. Now leave the beakers 1, 2 and 3 in constant light for a 24 hour period
9. When the 24 hours is up, record each of the colors.
10. Last leave beaker 4 in the light for 21 hours, record the color
11. Then leave it in the dark for 3 hours, then record the color again.

 

 

Observation:

 

1. Water plus bromothymol blue is blue-green.
2. Water plus bromothymol blue plus an aquarium snail turns yellow.
3. Water plus bromothymol blue plus Elodea (an aquarium plant) is blue-green in light.
4. Water plus bromothymol blue plus a snail plus Elodea is blue-green in light and yellow when left in the dark for three hours.

 

Conclusion/Analysis:

1. Water plus bromothymol blue is blue-green because the BTB starts as a blue-green, but when it is mixed with the water it turns the water blue-green. The mixture stops the oxygen and the sugar from being taken out.
2. Water plus bromothymol blue plus an aquarium snail turns yellow because when the fish breathes in carbon dioxide, the carbon dioxide mixes with the water and it turns to carbonic acid. So when BTB is mixed with an acid, the color changes to yellow until a neutral ph is back into the BTB.
3. Water plus bromothymol blue plus Elodea (an aquarium plant) is blue-green in light because the plant actually takes in all of the carbon dioxide, so in the end the water and BTB will not change color.
4. Water plus bromothymol blue plus a goldfish plus Elodea is blue-green in light and yellow when left in the dark for three hours because carbon dioxide + water slows down sugar and oxygen when chlorophyll and sunlight are present.
   

 

 

Enzyme Activity Lab

What We Used

So in this lab we had to use a lot of different materials. They are all listed below.
- Computer
- Logger Pro
- Vemier Gas Pressure Sensor
- 1-Hole Rubber Stopper Assembly
- 10 mL Beaker of Water
- 250 mL Beaker of Water
- 3% H2O2
-600 mL Beaker
- Enzyme Suspension
- Four 18 x 150 mm Test Tubes
- Ice
- pH Buffers
- Test Tube Rack
-Thermometer
- Three Dropper pipettes

Introduction

So in this lab we are really focusing on enzymes. An enzyme is a type of protein that speeds up a certain chemical reaction and is produced by a living organism. We are going to try and demonstrate how enzymes works in different conditions and which ones they work best in. By doing so we are using yeast, hydrogen peroxide. water and different substances. In this lab the yeast is being use to demonstrate the enzyme and the hydrogen peroxide will be used to demonstrate substrates. There were kind of like three parts that we had to do differently over the experiment.

 

Procedure 

First Part -So first off we collected four test tubes and put 3 mL of water and 3 mL of hydrogen peroxide in each one. Then I put 15 drops of yeast which was the enzyme, then  on one test tube I attached the gas pressure sensor to the tube and kind of swirled the tube to mix the contents. We had to wait a little before we were able to get our results. Once we got our resulted we recorded it and had to do this three more times for our remainder tubes. Instead of doing 15 drops of yeast we ended up increasing the amount of drop for each tube to 22, 30, then 40 for our last one.

 

15 Drops- 21.49 kPa/min

22 Drops- 51.69 kPa/min

30 Drops- 10.12 kPa/min

40 Drops- 56.52 kPa/min



Second Part- We collected four test tubes, added 3 mL of water and 3 mL of hydrogen peroxide in each one of the tubes. In this part we decided to change up the temperatures of each tube by putting them in either ice or boiling water. There different temperatures were measured at 0 degree Celsius, 20 degree Celsius, 55 degree Celsius, and 99 degree Celsius. We let each of the test tubes sit for about 10 minutes then we added the same amount of drops of yeast (enzyme)  to each tube and again connected the gas pressure sensor. We had to wait a little before we were able to record our results.

0 Celsius- 26.16 kPa/min

20 Celsius- 28.8 kPa/min

55 Celsius- 36.59 kPa/min

90 Celsius- 58.369 kPa/min

Part Three- For the last part it was a little easier, we collected only three test tubes and added 3 mL of hydrogen peroxide into each one of them. Then we added 3 mL of  pH 4 in the first test tube, in the second one we put 3 mL pH 7 and in the last test tube we put 3 mL of pH 10. For the last time we attached the gas pressure sensor to the test tube and gently shook it to mix the contents. We waited a little then we able to get our results to record.

 

 

pH 4- 0.315 kPa/min

pH 7- 0.259 kPa/min

pH 10- 0.387 kPa/min

 

Conclusion

Now to wrap all of this up, we ended up studying the different rates of enzyme in their different temperatures. As the environment for the enzymes changes so did the rate for the reactions which was to be expected. In the first part the highest slope was 40 drops with a slope of 56.52 kPa/min. In the second part the highest slope was the 90 degree Celsius with 58.369 kPa/min. So in the last part the highest slope ended up being the pH 10 which was 0.387 kPa/min.

Poison

       Arsenic is a natural semi-metallic chemical that is found all over the world in groundwater. They can also be found in tocks, soil, air, plants and even animals. One of the main catches that makes it very dangerous is that it has no taste or even smell and it can even be found in its pure form in steel gray metal. Arsenic Poison can be caused by the ingestion, absorption, or inhalation. If it is not treated it can can cause many health complications, one of those being deathArsenic was used as a In some cancer treatment arsenic has been useful and in some  studies its shown to send the disease into remission and help to thin the blood. The treatment is actually still being test but they hope for it to be more promising in the future. One of the main causes of arsenic poisoning world wide is the groundwater that people are drinking. It contains high levels of toxins and the water becomes contaminated by the rocks that release arsenic. 

There are different types of symptoms just depending on the amount or way the arsenic is actually ingested. If the poison is ingested orally then within thirty minutes the first symptoms to appear are:
~drowsiness 
~headaches 
~confusion 
~terrible diarrhea 

Now is the arsenic is inhaled or a less concentrated amount has been ingested then the symptoms are most likely to be different and take longer to emerge. The patient that had taken the arsenic poison may start to suffer convulsion and their fingernail pigmentation may change also known as leakonychia. In more severe cases some of the cases could include:
~metallica taste in mouth
~mouth produces extra saliva
~problems swallowing
~blood in the urine 
~cramping muscles 
~loss of hair
~stomach cramps
~convulsion 
~excessive  sweating
~breath smells like garlic  
~diarrhea
~vomiting  

http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/241860.php
http://io9.com/5942161/the-deadliest-poisons-in-history-and-why-people-stopped-using-them
http://listverse.com/2012/12/02/10-poisons-used-to-kill-people/

Cell Structure Project

My group and I had created a cake to represent a cell. We used many different types of candy to represent what each and everything is on the cake. There were little toothpicks on each one to label what they are. If you click on this link it will take you to my photo-bucket  This is where I put all the pictures of the cake, so you can go there and see our cake. 
Rough ER- The endoplasmic reticulum is an organelle of cells in eukaryotic organisms that's forms an interconnected network of membrane vesicles.

Cell Membrane- the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

Ribosome- a minute particle consisting of RNA and associated proteins, found in large numbers in the cytoplasm of living cells.

Nucleus- the central and most important part of an object, movement, or group, forming a basis for its activity and growth. 

Nuclear Membrane- also known as the nuclear envelope, nucleolemma or karyotheca is the double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleus in eukaryotic cells.  

Nucleolus- a small dense spherical structure in the nucleus of a cell during interface.  

Golgi Body- is made up of several layers of fluid-filled membrane sacs stacked like pancakes. The purpose of Golgi body is to sort and transport proteins within a cell.

Cytoplasm- the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus.  

Mitochondrion- an organelle found in large numbers in most cells, in which the biochemical processes of respiration and energy production occur

Vacuole- a space or vesicle within the cytoplasm of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid.
Lysosome- an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing derivative enzymes enclosed in a membrane
.

Microscopy Lab

 


My group and I were not the brightest because we didn't exactly take picture of the different things we used the microscope on. Instead we decided to draw them out. We were all able to learn how to use the microscope correctly and practiced on different types of slides. There are a few pictures of the drawings that we were able to use below.

Cystic Fibrosis Webquest

CYSTIC FIBROSIS - A DISORDER OF MEMBRANE TRANSPORT

A great variety of proteins have roles in moving molecules and ions across cell membranes. Passive transport proteins permit certain substances to diffuse down concentration gradients by moving through the protein's interior. Active transport proteins use ATP energy to pump substances across the membrane against their concentration gradients. To investigate the importance of transport proteins, we will consider the effects of cystic fibrosis, a genetic disorder in which there is a defect in a transport protein..

Activity

Part 1.

In this part of the activity you will visit the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation’s web site to learn about the causes and symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

Use your browser to go to

Use the information provided in the “About cystic fibrosis” section to answer the following questions:

1. What are the signs and symptoms of cystic fibrosis?

~very salty-tasting skin
~persistent coughing, at times with phegm
~frequent lung infections
~wheezing or shortness of breath
~poor growth/weight gain in spite of a good appetite

2. How common is this disorder?

Around 1,000 new cases of CF are diagnosed each year. Approximately 30,000 people in the United States have Cystic Fibrosis.

3. How is cystic fibrosis diagnosed?

Most people are diagnosed at birth with a newborn screening, or before the age of two. Doctors who see symptoms of CF order a sweat test. The sweat test is a genetic test that confirms diagnosis.

4. How is cystic fibrosis inherited? Does everyone who has a mutant gene for the protein have cystic fibrosis?
To get Cystic Fibrosis the child must inherit two copies of the defective CF genes, one from each parent. If both parents are carriers of the genes their child will have a 25% chance of inheriting both genes, a 50% chance of being a carrier, and a 25% chance of not having CF or caring the gene.

Part 2.

In this part of the activity you will read an article to learn more about cystic fibrosis.

Use your browser to go to:

http://resources.schoolscience.co.uk/MRC/3/page3.html

Use the information in this article to answer the following questions:

1. Explain the normal function of the protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis.
The normal function of the protein that is defective in cystic fibrosis is

Normally, the movements of the ions brings water the surface of the airway. This water keeps the mucus moist . So, the normal proteins function is to control the amount of chloride ions to the cells. This protein is named CF trans membrane regulator (ion channel)

2. What happens to this protein in CF patients and what are the consequences for the health of these individuals?

The defective protein means that the protein is no longer regulating the amount of chloride ions in the cells. Causing blockage in the channels and drying out of the mucus.

Part 3.

In this part of the activity you will read about how cystic fibrosis is treated.

Use your browser to go to:

http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/cystic-fibrosis/DS00287

Use the information in the different sections of the article to answer the following questions:

1. Explain at least 3 treatments for the symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

Three treatments for Cystic Fibrosis are all medications, since there are no cures. They are antibiotics, mucus-thinning drugs, bronchodilators. The antibiotics are used to prevent lung infections and can be taken as a pill, inhaled, and many other ways. The mucus-thinning drugs reduce the mucus’s stickiness making it easier to cough up and easier for the lungs to function. The bronchodilators are inhaled and keep the person’s airways open making it easier to breath.

2. Discuss at least 3 ways for parents to help their children who have cystic fibrosis.

Some home remedies for CF to help your child include better nutrition is to drink lots of fluids, keep immunizations up to date, exercise, eliminate smoke, and encourage your child to wash their hands.

Diffusion and Osmosis Lab (Part 2)

Part Two

This was the second part to the diffusion and osmosis lab but it was more focused on the osmosis. We had test a few different substance to see how they reacted with being placed in water for about four hours. There were three (protein, sugar and salt)  substances that we used and made sure they were all measured to be about 5.4 grams mixed with water. Our fourth was just plain water to know weather or not there was a small or big reaction. We put the mixed solution in each a separate dialysis bag and weighed them and put them in their own beaker filled with 200 mL of water. After about four hours we took them out and weight them again. The protein one 19.02 grams and increased by 4.8%, the water was 17.08 grams and decreased by 1.65%. The salt dialysis bag was weight at 15.99 and decreased by 5.4%, the sugar was 16.97 grams and increased by 6.9%.